The Effect Of Advertising Weight On Sales Of A Product

1 Summary This report describes in detail the model that has been developed, with the aim to investigate the effect of advertising weight on sales of a product which subsequently reflects the changes on profit of the company. The report also explains the mechanism of the model in addressing the concern of the Marketing Director regarding the feasibility and profitability of increasing sales by 100%. 2 Introduction and General Assumptions 2.1 Experimental Coverage It is assumed in this model that there are only 15 terrestrial broadcast television areas in the whole country and that the experiment covers the entire area of the country. 2.2 Equal Sales Arising from Each Area Sales in standardised units are recalculated to the real sales volume in 2015 (Appendix 1, Column F). To obtain an unbiased and comparable result, total sales in each region are assumed to be equal, hence sales arising from each area in 2014 is  £26,024/15 =  £1,734.93, and this figure will be adjusted according to the percentage change to obtain sales figures in 2015. 2.3 Cost Our model considers only the cost incurred by advertisement and ignores all other costs for calculation purposes. That is, Total profit = Profit contribution of sales - Media cost. 2.4 Allocation of Resources The total of advertising weight of the 15 areas in 2015 is 1500 standardized units, which is the same in 2014 (15 areas x 100 base units = 1500 units), thus suggesting that the total resources spent on advertising is theShow MoreRelatedAdvertising Is Not Ethical?956 Words   |  4 Pagesmedieval times the use of advertising has been in use whether it was capturing a thief or raising taxes. 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Application Of The Uclse Principles Of System Engineering...

Evaluation of the application of the UCLse Principles of System Engineering on NASA â€Å"Space Network Ground Segment Sustainment â€Å"(SGSS) project Abstract The Mullard Space Science Laboratory at University College London (UCL) identified five principals as the guideline of a successful project. The five principals are: ‘principles govern process’, ‘seek alternative systems perspectives’, ‘understand the enterprise context’, ‘integrate systems engineering and project management’, and ‘invest in the early stages of projects’. In this article, the application of the principals on NASA SGSS project is being evaluated. About SGSS project NASA Space Network has been providing a global communication service from early 1980’ [1]. The main function of the space network is providing tracking and data transfer service between user platform and the mission operation center . The Space network consists of two segments, which are the space segment and the ground segment [3]. Due to the existing ground segment are based on technology from 1980s, the difficulty and the cost for maintenance and operation of the ground segment were getting higher. Thus, the Space Network Ground Segment Sustainment (SGSS) Project was derived in March 2008 Space Network modernization concept Study and started the formulation on November 2011. The SGSS project was aim to reduce the life cycle cost of ground segment operations and maintenance, as well as to continue safe and reliable operations for the next

Acid Rain Is A Problem That Has Plagued Earth For Years. It Is Poisoni Essay Example For Students

Acid Rain Is A Problem That Has Plagued Earth For Years. It Is Poisoni Essay ng our waters,animals, plants, soil, and more. It is a problem that can not be ignored or it might havecatastrophic results on our environment. Acid rain is caused by air pollution, which isdue to man-made actions. Scientists have discovered that air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels is themajor cause of acid rain. Power plants and factories burn coal and oil, which is used toproduce the electricity we need to heat and light our homes and to run our electricappliances. We also burn natural gas, coal, and oil to heat our homes, and our cars,trucks, boats, and airplanes use gasoline to run, which is another fossil fuel. The smoke and fumes from burning fossil fuels rise into the atmosphere and combinewith the moisture in the air to form acid rain. The main chemicals in air pollution thatcreate acid rain are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Acid rain usually forms high in theclouds where sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen, and oxidants. This forms a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Sunlight then increases the rateof these reactions. Rainwater, snow, fog, and other forms of precipitation containingthose mild solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids fall to the earth as acid rain. Acid rain is a much more complex problem then most people realize. Acid raindoes not only drop dangerously high levels of acid into the ground directly affectingwildlife but it also mixes with other elements and compounds in the earth which thenbecome harmful to the environment. For example aluminum is one of the most commonmetals on earth. It is stored in a combined form with other elements in the earth. When itis combined it cannot dissolve into the water and soil and harm the fish and plants. However the acid from acid rain can easily dissolve the bond between these elements. The Aluminum is then dissolved into a more soluble state by the acid. Other metals suchas copper and iron are similarly affected however it is the aluminum that is the mostcommon. In this form it is easily absorbed into the water. When it comes in contact withfish it causes irritation to the gills. This irritation in turn causes fish to create a film ofmucus in the gills to stop this irritation until the irritant is gone. However the aluminumdoes not go always and the fish continues to build up more and more mucus to counteractit. Eventually there is so much mucus that it clogs the gills. When this occurs, the fish canno longer breath. It dies and then sinks to the bottom of the lake. Scientist predict thatacid rain is one of the leading causes the possible extinction of fish. This does not onlyaffect the fish in the water, it affects everything including humans. These lakes andstreams are not just homes for aqualife but they are our sources of water too. Another very large problem is the effect of acid rain on trees. When a trees rootsabsorb water from the ground it is taking in its source of life, and when acid rain rainsaround that tree, its life source is poisoned. Trees leaves and needles begin to drop off,and seedlings fail to produce new trees. The acid also reacts with many nutrients the treesneed, such as calcium, magnesium and potassium. This starves the trees, and theybecome much more susceptible to other forms of damage, such as being blown down, orbreaking under the weight of snow. Also forests in high mountain regions receiveadditional acid from the acidic clouds and fog that often surround them. These clouds andfog are often more acidic than rainfall. When leaves are frequently bathed in this acid fog,their protective waxy coating can wear away. The loss of the coating damages the leavesand creates brown spots. When the leaves are damaged, they cannot produce enough foodenergy for the tree to remain healthy. .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b , .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b .postImageUrl , .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b , .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b:hover , .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b:visited , .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b:active { border:0!important; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b:active , .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc8c972d1e16fe165c37b9078593fb40b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Major Parts of Corporate Entrepreneurship. EssayAcid rain does not only poison our drinking water, but it is very corrosive. Acidrain is known to contribute to the corrosion of metals and deterioration of stone and paintin buildings, statues, and other structures of cultural significance. Human-made materialsgradually deteriorate even when exposed unpolluted rain, but acid rain accelerates theprocess. For example, the Capitol building in Ottawa has been disintegrating because ofexcess sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. Limestone and marble turn to a crumblingsubstance called gypsum upon contact with the acid, which explains the corrosion ofbuildings and statues. In addition , bridges are corroding at a faster rate, and the railwayindustries as well as the airplane industry have had to put more money in repairing thecorrosive damage done by acid rain. Not only is this an economically taxing problemcaused by acid rain, but also a safety hazard to the general public. In 1967 the bridge overthe Ohio River collapsed killing 46 people, the reason was corrosion due to acid rain. Dry deposition of acidic compounds can also dirty buildings and other structures, leadingto increased maintenance costs. Also, there is growing concern about the potential health risks associated with acid rain. Recent reports suggest, for example, that downwind derivatives of sulfur dioxide, knownas acid aerosols, may pose serious health threats throughout the eastern United States. Inhalation of acid aerosols may lead to bronchitis in children and decreased lung functionin adults, particularly asthmatics. Controlling acid rain will play an important role inreducing these risks. In Europe there have already been several birth defects that havebeen. So what is being done to fix our problem with acid rain? The EPA orEnvironmental Protection Agency in 1990 had a clean air law passed. This law is aprogram designed to significantly reduce acid rain. The overall goal of the ARP (AcidRain Program) is to achieve significant environmental and public health benefits throughreductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX), the primarycauses of acid rain. The program encourages energy efficiency and pollution prevention. The Acid Rain Program began with the reduction of SO2 emissions by 10 million tonsbelow the 1980 levels. To achieve these reductions, the law requires a two-phasetightening of the restrictions placed on fossil fuel-fired power plants. Phase 1 began in1995 and has had very positive results. Phase 2 is scheduled to start in the year 2000. The Acid Rain Programs other half was the reduction of NOX. Program focuses on oneset of sources that emit NOX, coal-fired electric utility boilers, the same as the SO2program. Similar to the SO2 emission reduction requirements, the NOX program isimplemented in two phases, beginning in 1996 and 2000. This program puts very strictlimitations on these boilers. The problem of acid rain can not only be fixed by putting limitations on thesehuge boilers, this just slows down the process of the destruction acid rain does. The onlyway to stop burning these electric utility burners is to find a way to replace them. That iswhy scientists the world over have been looking for alternative sources of power. Thereare other sources of energy besides fossil fuels. These include hydroelectric power andnuclear power. Dams use the power of water to turn turbines and make electricity. Peoplehave been using this form of energy for most of this century. Nuclear power plants makeelectricity from the energy released by splitting atoms. A small amount of nuclear fuelcan make a very large amount of electricity. There are problems with using hydroelectric and nuclear power. Hydroelectric plantsrequire a constant source of water. Since rainfall is not always predictable, hydroelectricplants are not as reliable as those using coal or oil are. Hydroelectric plants can also harmthe environment. Thousands of acres of land often have to be flooded to create areservoir, a holding place for the great amounts of water needed to power these plants. .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 , .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 .postImageUrl , .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 , .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63:hover , .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63:visited , .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63:active { border:0!important; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63:active , .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63 .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc154a180d1824de49febe6bef1cae63:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The American Association Of Retired Persons (aarp) EssaySometimes the land that would be flooded is home to rare types of plants or animals. Nuclear power plants produce electricity cheaply. But the nuclear waste they leaveremains dangerous for thousands of years. Scientists are looking at other energy sources, such as windmills and solar energy, usingthe power of the sun itself. In several states, there are modern windmills like airplanepropellers that make energy from the wind. In other places, wind power pumps waterfrom the ground. In Arizona and New Mexico, solar energy is at work making electricpower. Each of these sources has drawbacks as well. Windmills and solar panels arereliable only where it is windy or sunny most of the time. All sources of energy havebenefits and limitations, including the cost of producing the energy. All of these factorsmust be weighed when deciding which energy source to use. Thus, it is seen that the rectification of the very pressing issue of acid rain should be oneof Mankinds greatest goals. There are too many possible solutions and alternatives toendanger the world with this dangerous risk to humanitys environment, buildings andaccomplishments, and water supply. Through even more litigation and law enforcement,and the many other alternative solutions, the Earth can be saved from this severe threat.

Louis XIV Essays - Dauphins Of France, Anti-Protestantism

Louis XIV The Days of Elegance The term "splendid" is one that most English speaking people are familiar with. To most of those people it has a meaning related to the overall appearance or feeling of what ever is being described. Webster's dictionary defines the term as: 1. magnificent and sumptuous. 2. distinguished or glorious. Splendor is more that that. It is an adjective that could be used to describe something so great and breath taking that one is left awed.The word splendid is often associated with the palace of Versailles, which was built Louis XIV. In the production of this grand structure there was no cost spared. It became a symbol of France, and a model by which all other palaces would be judged. Louis XIV received a great deal of criticism from onlookers as he used the French equivalent to millions of dollars to built this outstanding structure. There is still some speculation as to whether or not this was a good investment. It has been argued that the money could have gone to the poor or needy. The palace of Versailles was controversial, but in high insight, it is clear that Louis XIV made a sound decision in its erection. As Louis XIV took the throne, he was faced with several problems. He knew that he did not want to reside and rule in Paris, so against the will of his advisors he chose a hunting chateau as the site of his new palace. He also knew from history that the nobles of his domain had in the past and would continue to cause trouble in the form of uprisings and other conflicts. Louis XIV sought absolute power, and he knew that he would not be able to obtain this if preoccupied by civil conflicts. His solution to this problem was building Versailles and inviting all of the nobles to reside there. This was a brilliant scheme to keep the nobles out of the politics of the country. He preoccupied them with tasked normally associated with chamber maids, thus allowing him to rule as an absolute monarch. The splendor of the palace was a key factor in this plan because with out it, the nobles would not have a willing to leave their homes and move to Versailles. The historical account, The Splendid Century , written by W.H. Lewis is a very useful tool in understanding the life of Louis XIV. It tells of his life, his goals, his motives, and the means by which he achieved those goals. It is blatantly obvious that Louis XIV though a great monarch, cared little for the common people of his country. Regardless of this, it is almost a matter common knowledge that Louis XIV brought France to its peak in terms of its respect and social status in the world. During his reign France became the authority on all that was proper and elegant. All of this seems trivial, but the fact is, it was very important to the people of the upper class, and as always they were controlling the world. There were several qualities that Louis XIV possessed that were found undesirable by his common subjects. His tax system weighed most heavily on the lower class, and they were often called to fight in all sorts of different wars for the extension of the empire. It understandable that he was popular among these people, but their opinion was really not significant on the grand scheme of his plans for France. There is no question that Louis XIV took France to an entire new level in the world view. During his reign, the French empire grew vastly, and was greatly respected. To this day, he remains a French hero, and is widely viewed as the greatest monarch that ever lived. It is not because of his accomplishments that these views are held, but rather his ability to play the part of a great leader. All of this was possibly because of his emphasis on materialistic splendor. He knew that by enticing his rivals with riches, he then could control Europe. When it is said that Louis XIV had an ability to play the part of a great leader there

Men and Woman essays

Men and Woman essays Until the 1980s, Turkey prided itself on the womens emancipation that the Kemalists had delivered. But in the past two decades, women have become critical of the Kemalist project of modernity and its effects on women. The military intervention of September 1980 repressed both the radical Left as well as the radical Right in Turkey as it aimed to de-politicize society. Despite the domestic repression of the early 1980s, Turkey was increasingly tied to the outside world as a result of globalization. The increasingly intensifying links with the Western world allowed a second wave of feminism to trickle into the country. Meanwhile, domestically, an opportunity opened for those who began to call themselves feminists, when pre-1980 political actors on the Left and the Right were persecuted.17 These women encroached upon the public space that had been monopolized by the state as they organized to expand their opportunities and solve their gender-based problems. They demanded substantive equ ality beyond formal guality, expressed their needs to be in control of their own sexuality and protested domestic violence. In the process, they expanded and strengthened Turkeys nascent civil society. The women who helped liberate the public realm in the cost: l980s were mostly a heterogeneous group of middle-aged, middle-class professionals who were influenced by one another as they positioned and defined themselves in relation to one another. A fundamental cleavage among the women of this period was between secular and Islamist women. Over time, both groups were separated into numerous other divisions. Within the secular camp. the most prominent division grew between the women who called themselves radical feminists and those who considered themselves Kemalist feminists ...

SIX WAYS TO WARM UP TO COLD-CALLING!

SIX WAYS TO WARM UP TO COLD-CALLING! For those who believe cold-calling puts them in the same category as â€Å"pesky telemarketers, â€Å"it‘s time for a paradigm shift. In today’s tough freelancing climate, one must employ every advantage to stay in the game and stay in the black.  According to Peter Bowerman, author of the Well-fed Writer series, â€Å"Assuming you’re a competent, reliable writer, if you pursue this business, you’ll be a professional marketing a valuable and needed professional service to other professionals.† Note: This year alone, I landed several major clients Are you a killer copywriter? An expert in SEO? Have you written an informative self-help book that you’re convinced bookstore owners in your area should know about? Ask any veteran salesman and he’ll tell you the better you feel about your product or services, the easier it is to get â€Å"geeked† about it, and have others feel good about it too.  2. Remember, practice makes perfect. There’s no doubt about it: many writers are rather shy Do a little background research on the companies you target. What are their strengths? Who is their customer base? Go even further. Purchase â€Å"lead lists† that specifically identify your ideal client . For example, a list can be bought according to a preferred geographic area, income level or business type. Keep in mind that a strategic approach increases your odds of success and prevents potential burnout.  4. Understand that there’s a psychology to selling. Whether you’re peddling widgets or words, it‘s crucial to get into your potential customer‘s head. What specific needs does your service or product address? How can you help others to become more productive or profitable? Assess then deliver. 5. Recognize that timing is everything. To optimize your efforts, call when it’s likely you won’t be considered an intrusion or inconvenience. For example, don’t make contact ten minutes before closing time, or five minutes after the start of business hours. Always be polite to â€Å"gate keepers†.  6. Mentally â€Å"suit up†. Boxer, Muhammad Ali, used to chant â€Å"I’m the greatest† before entering the ring with his opponents. And a similar preparation is needed before you do battle in business! Preparation might be repeating positive affirmations, or listening to your favorite motivational speaker on audio tape, or visualizing your success first. Preparation helps to cushion the blows of rejection and equips you to go the distance.  Observe these six timely tips and you’ll discover that cold-calling can be another effective way to â€Å"connect† with customers and build your business. Suggested Resource:amazon.com/Successful-Cold-Call-Selling-Examples/dp/0814477186Successful Cold Call Selling

Graduation Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Graduation Speech - Essay Example I’m thrilled to know that we are now among the great people who has gone through this university and added to the rich history of our nation. A time has now for u to reach out to the whole world and shield our last few years of dedication and commitment. In spite of the currently prevailing economic slump, good institutions and organizations are out there in search for great minds. This University has a prosperous history showing a steady trend of success tales, and the university’s statistics indicate that the most excellent brains have been shaped and trained here. This is the best time to turn back and contemplate the expedition of our past few years in university. We all have persisted and conquer many impediments and personal issues to be here today. We worked so hard even in situations where some of us had to spend few hours off in order to raise the university fees. We had all our assignments even in circumstances where we had to skip precious sleep and occasional meals. In some instances we challenged our professors whenever we noticed mysteries in the scientific assumptions and theories. We would sometimes read new things like yesterday and almost immediately forget, but we still had a look at the same book the following day. At the beginning of the university we would miss a few classes, but still we became time management experts. Whatever we have leaned from this university will help in our personal and intellectual growth process. At this moment we are on the winning band; this particular day is not the finish line of our last lap in the voyage of life but the launch of a trip with unforeseeable future. With all the information and knowledge that we possess, this is the best time to emphatically decline the conservative and conventional wisdom that success is something for the privileged few and the rich. This university for the last few years has prepared us

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Literature Review - Essay Example ost positioning and customer preference, market structure is an issue that has lived with aerospace companies since time immemorial, with very little done to subdue the situation effectively. On this note, one of the global aerospace core players, Kuehen+Nagel, also found itself on the receiving end when the market structure refused to accept its traditional model in various countries. It had to manipulate the business model in order to survive (Lovelock, 2010). Owing to the vastness of the air logistics transport sector and the criticality of the subject at hand, several previous research works have been done in the same area, however, most of the past research dwelt on the general subject of issues faced by Kuehne+Nagel as an aerospace logistics company. Obviously, that is a very extensive subject, and unless enough resources, time being one of them, are put forward for such broad studies, the findings are bound to be inaccurate. However, this does not mean that no such studies have come out as accurate; there are some that are considered very accurate, and which addressed the issue in question. But still, the issue is shallowly covered as the study seeks to address several issues at once. Other such previous expeditions also focused on the market structure and its effect on the global aerospace logistics companies (Bayazit & Karpak, 2013). It is from such studies that this research aims to borrow from to come up with findings that are mo re comprehensive. Overall, this section aims to find, analyse, compare, and contrast various previous studies, discussions, and coverage on this research topic. A study entitled, â€Å"Customer Satisfaction Measurement in Air Logistics Company Services: An Empirical Study of Need –Gap Analysis,† compares Kuehne+Nagel’s customer satisfaction with what the market requires (Upadhyaya, 2013). It gives precise attention to cost positioning and its effects on customer satisfaction and their subsequent retention. The author

Occurrence of distress Essay Example for Free

Occurrence of distress Essay According to Bandura (1976), depression arises from frightful events that are anticipated rather than those that have occurred or are occurring. Hence, any person’s solution to depression is to plan in advance so that the events that occur are taken to be normal, with no adverse impacts. In much the same way, Beck’s theory highlights the future as a cause of anxiety among individuals. Beck (1971) noted that individuals who look at the future with diminished hope are likely to achieve little in their lives and live under perpetual fear. In addition, such individuals are prone to committing errors in their work and are full of negative beliefs about whatever they do. Random thoughts and distortion of thinking In relation to Bandura’s social cognitive theory, people act the way they do because of the patterns of thought and emotional reactions that they develop. Hence, the ability to tackle distressing events skillfully is vital in fending off conditions of depression. Bandura (2006) opined that random thoughts could make people to perceive some tasks to be too tedious, while the same thoughts can also make some people develop an urge to take more diverse and difficult tasks. Therefore, people’s performance in various tasks depends on how well their pattern of thought functions. This pattern of thought is nothing but the organization of the mind at any time in readiness for work. Bandura noted that individuals who are well prepared to work accomplish their tasks fast and derive much satisfaction. The converse is true for individuals who lack vigor and are always outdone by difficult situations. Seemingly supporting Bandura’s idea is a point in the description of Beck’s theory, which says that people usually have schemas of distress in their mind albeit in a latent state. Hence, if an individual if provoked, the schema becomes engaged and the person becomes irritated. Nevertheless, the level of irritation or depression depends on the character of the person involved. In this perspective, Beck (1979) noted that depression is usually a systematic dysfunction of the mind that leads to the development of negative opinions about oneself, other people or the environments, and the future. Further distortion of thinking hinders proper development of concepts in the mind and leads to depression. Comparing the two theories with reference to depression, it is notable that distress or depression arises among people because of failure to properly coordinate the faculties of their minds. Whilst adults are more affected by depression, both theories recommend that training children to overcome depression should be done early enough in order to avoid future occurrences of the problem. Inasmuch as the triads used as models for Bandura’s Cognitive Theory and Beck’s Cognitive Theory have different constituents, the arguments and illustrations to elucidate both theories seem to be unified in the context of behavior, personality, character and so on. Nonetheless, the two theories still portray differences, which are discussed in the next sessions.

Custom Term Papers: The Character of Hamlet -- GCSE English Literature

The Character of Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar in â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts† explain the popularity of the protagonist of Shakespeare’s Hamlet:    Much of the delight of modern readers, of course, comes from the study of the characters of the principal figures in the play, for Shakespeare has presented them in three-dimensional vividness. We feel that they are living beings with problems that are perennially human. If a modern man is not called upon, as Hamlet was, to avenge a murdered father, he nevertheless must face crises in his own life that remind him of Hamlet’s dilemma [. . .]. (62)    This essay will delve into the character of the hero as it develops through the drama, and will analyze the more salient features.    Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† describes the opening scene of the drama, and what action transpires prior to this scene:    The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, while the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the hour of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a figure dressed in complete armor and with a face like that of the dead king of Denmark, Hamlet’s father. A young man named Horatio, who is a school friend of Hamlet, has been told of the apparition and cannot believe it, and one of the officers has brought him there in the night so that he can see it for himself. The hour comes, and the ghost walks. The awed Horatio tries to speak to it but it stalks away, leaving the three men to wonder why the buried king has come back to haunt the land. [. . .] Whatever the message is that has wakened t... ... of Delaware Press, 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.

Intel

Intel's strategy in DRAMS was to focus on product design and to be the first to market with the newest devices and DRAM technology. This allowed them to be a leader and charge significant price premiums, and proved to be a successful strategy for the first four generations of DRAMS. However, over time this became less effective as product life cycles shrank, so the time for competitors to offer a competing product became faster and once the competition â€Å"caught up† then prices would fall dramatically. In this industry, patents were ineffective at blocking competition.In addition to product design, Intel established itself as a leader in process technology. Because cutting edge product design ultimately meant more complex semiconductor technology, Intel needed to invest large amounts of capital to keep its manufacturing capabilities at a level that could support new innovations and complex production. It also took time for Intel to become comfortable with new production tec hnologies, during which yields (a key driver to manufacturing costs) would fall as they worked out new problems and optimized the processes.There are several factors that led to Intel's dramatic decline In DRAM market share teen 1974 and 1984, the ultimate reason being that Japanese competitors were able to introduce new products more rapidly which reduced Intel's position as a leader in the market since competitive offerings would follow so quickly after introduction of a new Intel device. Because of the high capital investments needed to produce new DRAMS, it was necessary to be first to market to be able to take advantage of higher prices as a market leader before competitors introduced similar technologies.One reason Japanese firms could introduce products more quickly is that they strategically invested heavily in manufacturing capabilities. By comparison, Japanese firms invested 40% of their sales revenue into plant and manufacturing equipment while U. S. Firms invested 22% of their sales revenue. Additionally, several of the Japanese firms created relationships and collaborated closely with equipment manufacturers, such as Nixon, to create and access superior production equipment before it was available in the united States.As a result of getting superior equipment, Japanese competitors had much higher production yields for DRAMS than U. S. Companies (as high as 80% for Japanese companies compared to maximum 60% for U. S. Impasse). Finally, Japanese competitors were also more adept at both developing process technologies and ramping up production capacity for DRAMS – for instance, their production yields were as high as 70-80% vs.. 50-60% for US firms in the sass, and this was a factor in driving costs.Intel leadership did not Immediately recognize the potential opportunities for microprocessors and their use in personal computers, but once this was discovered, the Intel team set several strategies In place to become a market leader. Their bigges t competitor, Motorola, had been selected as AppleS standard. Therefore when IBM entered the PC market, Intel and Motorola were huge competitors to become the innovation, but also invested heavily in sales and marketing efforts.Intel's decision to launch the sales effort, â€Å"Project CRUSH†, to gain design wins was instrumental in paving the way for Intel's future success in the microprocessor market, particularly because this sales campaign led to Intel securing a contract with MOM. Intel's DRAM strategy seemed to be â€Å"If we build it, they will come†, whereas the new microprocessor strategy was more â€Å"If we build it, let's make sure they come†. Intel's strategic partnership with IBM was hugely instrumental in Intel's strategy to gain a competitive advantage in microprocessors.IBM led the market in the personal computer market in the early sass and Vim's strategy to expand rapidly and gain market share provided the perfect environment for Intel to grow in tandem. Whereas Intel did not invest in defensive efforts and technology to maintain its competitive advantage in DRAMS, despite winning a major contract with IBM for microprocessors, Intel continued to invest in aggressive marketing against its competitors?particularly Motorola?to maintain its competitive advantage.Another strategy that Intel employed to gain a competitive advantage in microprocessors was to create a network effect and develop a network of suppliers to help produce chips for Intel. Intel learned from its experience with DRAMS production that it was expensive to ramp up production capacity and made a decision for microprocessors to license with other companies to produce chips to meet demand. Although this strategy meant that Intel only received a fraction of the total revenues and profits, Intel was able to meet demand in the rapidly growing PC business and could continue to win contracts and grow overall market share.Leadership also continued to invest in Inte l's internal production capabilities so that Intel could produce a higher proportion of later models of microprocessors in-house to gain more profits. This strategy bought Intel time to really establish itself and the top supplier of microprocessors and also work on its manufacturing capabilities so that by the time Intel produced the 386, it was ready to produce the 386 without licensing. This required major investments and attention to improving internal sources and operation coordination, but Intel was able to make business decisions, such as higher price setting, that covered this investment.

Love Conquers All Essay

I believe that a relationship is more than just love, it’s a balance of communication, love, and trust. The day I fell in love was a defining moment in my life. I now had a partner and a life long friend . My husband and I spent the first part of our marriage struggling over money issues. There was never enough money to take care of all the bills and the kids, as well as our moments. Still through all the rough hills we climbed, nothing ever broke our bond to each other. My husband tried repeatedly to find work so that he could support his family; he was so determined. At last an opportunity to build bridges emerged and he went for it. Grateful we were going to be financially secure, we now have three times the income he was making. Everything was looking up! We would not have to scrape by anymore. With the new career also came new challenges, my husband would be out of town five days a week. We have never even been apart! How was this going to work? I was a little scared to be alone, so we sat down and discussed the challenges together. I learned that he was nervous too. He was going to be so far away and could not protect his family. We just bonded together, it was emotional. We knew it was going to be a great opportunity for our family. â€Å"I am going to miss you so much, this is going to be tough†, I said while standing by his packed car. He pulled me in and held me tightly in his arms, kissing my forehead ever so gently and whispered,†I love you so much and this will only make us stronger.† We kissed each other good bye and away he drove. Then I cried! Week after week it became easier to say bye, but the tears always filled my eyes when I watched him drive away. This was the hardest thing we ever went through. During the time he worked out of town I became a stronger woman and mother. I learned that love can conquer all. We worked together more than ever before and we grew to understand just how much our family†¦

World Wildlife Fund

World Wildlife Fund The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is a global-scale conservation organization that works in 100 countries and consists of nearly 5 million members worldwide. The WWFs mission- in the simplest of terms- is to conserve nature. Its aims are threefold- to protect natural areas and wild populations, to minimize pollution, and to promote efficient, sustainable use of natural resources. The WWF focuses their efforts at multiple levels, starting with wildlife, habitats and local communities and expanding up through governments and global networks. The WWF views the planet as a single, complex web of relationships between species, the environment, and human institutions such as government and global markets. History The World Wildlife Fund was established in 1961 when a handful of scientists, naturalists, politicians, and businessmen joined forces to form an international fundraising organization that would provide money for conservation groups working around the globe. The WWF grew during the 1960s and by the 1970s it was able to hire its first project administrator, Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy, who immediately convened a meeting of experts to forge the organizations key priorities. Among the first projects to receive funding from the WWF was a study of the tiger population in Chitwan Sanctuary Nepal conducted by the Smithsonian Institution. In 1975, the WWF helped establish the Corcovado National Park on Costa Ricas Osa Peninsula. Then in 1976, the WWF joined forces with the IUCN to create TRAFFIC, a network that monitors wildlife trade to curtail any conservation threats such trade inevitably causes. In 1984, Dr. Lovejoy devised the debt-for-nature swap approach that entails the conversion of a portion of a nations debt into funding for conservation within the country. The debt-for-nature swap tactic is also used by The Nature Conservancy. In 1992, the WWF further funded conservation in developing nations by establishing conservation trust funds for high-priority conservation regions throughout the world. These funds are intended to provide long-term funding to sustain conservation efforts. More recently, the WWF has worked with the Brazilian government to launch the Amazon Region Protected areas that will triple the land area that is protected within the Amazon region. How They Spend Their Money 79.4% of expenses go towards conservation projects7.3% of expenses go towards administration13.1% of expenses go towards fundraising Website www.worldwildlife.org You can also find the WWF on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Headquarters World Wildlife Fund1250 24th Street, NWP.O. Box 97180Washington, DC 20090tel: (800) 960-0993 References About the World Wildlife FundHistory of the World Wildlife FundCharity Navigator - World Wildlife Fund

Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget Line

Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget Line The term budget line has several related meanings, including a couple that are self-evident and a third that is not. The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer Understanding   The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations its the household budget, for example. Taken informally, the budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods. Given a limited amount of money, a consumer can only spend that same amount buying goods. If the consumer has X amount of money and wants to buy two goods A and B, she can only purchase goods totaling X. If the consumer needs an amount of A costing 0.75 X, she can then spend only .25 X, the amount remaining, on her purchase of B.   This seems almost too obvious to bother writing or reading about. As it turns out, however, this same concept one that most consumers make many times each day with reflecting on it is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics, which is explained below.   Lines in a Budget Before turning to the economics definition of budget line, consider another concept: the line-item budget. This is effectively a map of future expenditures, with all the constituent expenditures individually noted and quantified. Theres nothing very complicated about this; in this usage, a budget line is one of the lines in the budget, with the service or good to be purchased named and the cost quantified. The Budget Line as an Economics Concept   One of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above a consumers informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy. In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation that can be applied generally. A Simple Budget Line Graph To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set. If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above 0 on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books the number of books available in this example is 0. You can also graph the other extreme all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. Youll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets. If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot youll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.

Paradox of Why Philosophy is Dangerous Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paradox of Why Philosophy is Dangerous - Essay Example Although a lot of people do not acknowledge philosophy, it is essential that some advantages are outlined. The research provides a number of reasons why philosophy is still an important area of study and evaluation in the current life. It is identified that a lot of ideas in today’s world are all associated with philosophy. For example, the language spoken has been identified as the disparity between actions and things, an idea proving that language is associated with philosophy. The research contrasts the given advantages by providing information on the dangers of associating with philosophers. Among the many dangers described, the essay provides clear ways explaining how philosophy is a dangerous method of acquiring information. In a quench to widen their scope of understanding statements, philosophers end up settling on the wrong meanings of the given statements. The research shows prove from two philosophers who proved that one prove in a philosophers world leads to a different finding. The essay provides information that shows how philosophy posses’ danger to everyone including children. Young philosophers are faced with different challenges that are elaborated in depth in the paper. Ragnar says that these challenges include the ability to identify the truth in philosophical statements yet according to philosophers, every statement is true. This does not only involve children because the research shows how philosophy becomes dangerous to the young people. In the quest to seek for knowledge, Young people end up getting caught up in expound able ideas of philosophy. Isn’t it strange how philosophy is far more dangerous than walking on all known slippery rocks? Probably, it would be better to ask why too much thinking causes immense intellectual strain, a basis for various philosophers going bonkers. Many of studies done in colleges are meant to educate people regarding a certain subject in all available details.

Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scenario - Essay Example Nowadays, the sight of different non-governmental organizations actively participating in the community is a normal scenario. They become active members of the community as a means of generating change. The government, on the other hand, has its own plans on eliminating the different quandaries faced by the community. This is a way of fostering social responsibility. However, with the rise of individualism, man, who is a social being, diverts from the calling of his fellowmen. Thus, social responsibility is now in question. The clich statement, "no man is an island", greatly describes the need of man for others. Man is significantly affected by others' thoughts, feelings and behaviors whether or not others are present. It simply indicates that man is prone to social influence and can be manipulated by social situations. Therefore, man cannot separate himself from others since every thought, feeling, and action elicited by others, has a large impact on his very existence. The community is dealing with different predicaments, from poverty, political issues, diminishing values etc. The government acts as its chief protector against these problems. Poverty, which is said to be mostly the root cause of other problems, is dealt by the government by aiding the poor children in public schools with free breakfast.

Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example In accordance with the issues discussed in the paper since late 1970s, various organizations have addressed business ethics in different ways, as well as the development of codes of conduct, hiring of corporate responsibility managers and training programs of all kinds, introduction of compliant managers and programs, the preparation and dissemination of value statements, and the addition of board-level ethics committees. Studies conducted in 1960s indicated that European-based corporations were a head of their United State-based counterparts in implementing sustainability and corporate social responsibility practices. However, in the present days, business operations in Europe and the United States are not so much different as was initially assumed. Both businesses in these regions are currently striving to establish the exact meaning for a company to be responsible and ethical. The implementation of ethics and corporate social responsibility practices in most firms have not prevent ed Europe and United State-base companies from engaging in unethical behaviors that cause corporate scandals. This has created increased pressure for governments and Europe-based and U.S.-based corporations to establish more structured ethics and government programs, so as to ensure that these corporations are responsible to the communities within, which they are situated. There are many challenges, which are associated with corporate responsibility. ... ion on how corporate ethics efforts can be improved, and how it can address the issue of underlying causes of misconduct, including the increasing demand for sustainable business, and proactive, socially responsible practices (Banerjee, 2007). Recent researches indicate that European-based companies are far much a head in implementing sustainability and corporate social responsibility practices than their United States-based counterparts, but the question is, are they doing better work of avoiding unethical conduct on a large scale? Understanding the aspects of business ethics is a challenging task since this field is vast, and it usually encompasses issues like reputation management, corporate governance, accurate accounting, environmental stewardship, and fair labor practices (Shaw, 2010). As a matter of fact, this field is concerned with the entire scopes of responsibilities, which a corporation has for all its stakeholders, especially those who have exhibited interest in the acti ons and decision of the company such as suppliers, stakeholders, community, clients, and employees. The understanding of business ethics is further made complex by several terms that refer to corporate programs and offices, which are focused on communicating, monitoring, and enforcing company standards and values (Sims, 2003). In theory, people can make certain distinctions among the various aspects of business ethics such as corporate compliance, corporate responsibility, and social responsibility. However, in practical perspective, such differentiations are of no significance since corporate offices of compliance that was established in 1970s can today function similarly to social and corporate responsibility (Trevino & Nelson, 2010). In order to understand the various scopes and nature

Prevention of Gastrointestinal Cancer Dietary Changes

Prevention of Gastrointestinal Cancer Dietary Changes Discuss how dietary modification represents a platform for the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer Abstract Gastric cancer provides a good alternative to show the association of pathogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract and dietary modification. High salt intake and n-nitroso compounds have been identified in having a very strong relationship in the promotion of gastric cancer. The synergy between Helicobacter pylori and these dietary modifications elevates the chances of gastric cancer. Salt consumption leads to the inflammation of the stomach lining and it increases the colonisation of Helicobacter pylori which can cause the upregulation of iNos, COX-2 and CagA which cause increase the risk of gastric cancer. Similarly, H.pylori increases the chances of the formation of the carcinogenic n-nitroso compounds via increase nitrosation. Also, the reduction of Vitamin C, which acts as a free radical scavenger causes an increase in nitrosation which can ultimately increase gastric cancer. Ultimately, dietary modifications do play an integral role in the pathogenesis in gastrointestinal cancer.    Introduction Absorption, motility and digestion are some of the major physiological processes which take place in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the association modification of diet may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cancer. The gastrointestinal tract starts from the alimentary canal in the mouth to the anus provides a vast opportunity to explore the relationship between dietary modification and different types of cancers. However, focusing on one specific cancer allows the identification of the depth in which dietary modification can provide a stable preventive mechanism. Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the world. (1) It is the third most common cause of cancer mortality due to the overall late symptoms being identified and therefore, lower prognosis.(1) Therefore it is imperative that dietary modification is implemented so that there is early prevention of gastric cancer and a higher life expectancy. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a known carcinogenic, which increased the risk of gastric cancer via chronic inflammation. (2) H. pylori situates in the stomach and this is a strong link between diet and gastric cancer as it can directly affect the microenvironment of the stomach. Salt Sodium is one of the most important electrolytes in the modulation of plasma osmolality and body fluid volume. (3) The regulation of sodium in the body was much easier 5000 years ago, as the dietary sodium levels were much lower than modern times; Salt is now more exposed in our diet and it is often used in preservation techniques. (4) understanding some of the mechanism in which salt is used in the development in food may allow the association between gastric cancer and salt to be identified; high sodium concentrations in the stomach has been associated with inflammation and mucosal damage; this is turn may cause an increase in mutation and increase proliferation of cells leading to gastric cancer. REF Mechanisms There are many mechanisms which show the link between salt intake and gastric cancer. Infection of bacteria like H. pylori and high dietary salt intake can cause inflammation, leading to a higher rate of colonisation of H. pylori. (5) The high salt intake caused a decrease in gland mucous cell mucin. (6) A rat study showed that high dietary salt intake leads to a reduction in the cell yield and an increase in cells which were in the S phase. This increases the cancer risk as it increases the chances of mutations and therefore formation of gastric cancer. (7) In gerbils, in the presence of H. pylori and high dietary salt, the upregulation of iNOS and COX-2. (8) This upregulation has been theorised to enhance the effect of H. pylori and subsequently promote the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. (9) In addition, high salt intake also leads to the upregulation of CagA which enables the gene to be able to promote H.pylori with the ability to alter the function of the parietal cells.(10) Hig h salt intake can also consequently induce hypergastrinemia. (6) The combination of H. pylori and hypergastrinemia may lead to the progression of gastric cancer as it may contribute to a decrease in parietal cells. Humans contain two types of gastric mucins: surface mucous cell mucin (SMCM) and gland mucous cell mucin (GMCM).(11) A study by Hidaka et al (12), showed that H.pylori only attached to the surface mucous epithelial cells. The penetration of only one type of gastric mucin is due to the upregulation of the GMCM against the H.pylori infection. (13) This displays that there are two mechanisms in which salt can potentially increase the risk of gastric cancer. A direct mechanism is the increase in cell proliferation due to the mucosal injury by the H. pylori. The indirect mechanism is to provide support in the immediate environment of the stomach to increase colonization of H. pylori. A study by Furihata et al (14) showed that there was damage to the gastric tissue when hypotonic NaCl solution was administered. Although the damage was temporarily and the tissue was back to its original state within one-two days, it is important to consider that prolonged exposure to high salt intake will c ause excessive damage and therefore increased the risk of carcinogenesis in the gastric tissue. Epidemiological case cohort studies Kato et al. (6) demonstrates that salt does support gastric malignancies in a dose-dependent factor when H. pylori is present. Although this result was achieved in an animal study, this relationship can be used to express the idea that a reduction in salt and salty food can decrease gastric cancer in humans. Therefore, considering a study by Tsugane et al. (15) up to 12% of salt is consumed in dietary sources such as pickled vegetables, preserved fish and salted fish. The synergistic behaviour of salt with H. pylori exposes the importance in the prevention of a high dietary salt intake to prevent the onset of gastric cancer. DElia et al (16) showed that moderately-high and high salt intake increased the chances of gastric cancer by 41% and 68% respectively, when compared to low salt intake. Japanese individuals who were habitually inclined to consume salt-rich foods had a higher risk of gastric cancer; with the consumption of pickled foods, salted fish and processed meats, there was an increased risk of 27% , 24% and 24% respectively. (16) A study showed that the association with individuals having a gastric cancer screening is lower in individuals with higher salt intakes.(17) Therefore, in this epidemiology study, it can be identified that the Korean population may not be aware of the consequences of a high salt diet; Therefore, a better delivery in the consequences of dietary salt intake may lead to more gastric cancer screening and potentially show an indirect decrease in the rate of gastric cancers in the population. N-nitroso compounds N-nitroso compounds (nocs) are found both in exogenous sources as well as endogenous synthesis in the body; exogenous synthesis is based upon the consumption of food sources such as processed meat and pickled vegetables. (18) The endogenous synthesis of nocs take place via nitrosation of amides by nitrite based nitrosation gents. (19) The endogenous synthesis is potentially caused by the haem group in red meat. (20) Nocs have been found to be carcinogenic (18); this allows us to have an insight into mechanisms in which carcinogenic compounds may interact in the stomach and cause gastric cancer. Mechanisms The mechanisms which link nocs and nitration described allows a powerful insight into some of the potential processes that are modulated in the prognosis and progression of gastric cancer; this allows us to identify the food sources that may potentiate the advancement of gastric cancer and therefore allow dietary modification to prevent gastric cancer. There are several mechanisms which allow nitrosation and consequently the formation of nocs to take place. Firstly, nitrosation is more likely to take place in a more acidic stomach. (21) There is also synergy of nitrosation at low vitamin C levels. (21) Secondly, inflammatory conditions are developed in the stomach in the presence of H. pylori when nitrosation takes place. (22) Lastly, Individuals who are exposed to high concentrations of nocs have a higher potential risk in acquiring gastric cancer (18). Epidemiological case cohort studies A study by Jakszyn et al. (23) has shown an increase in faecal nocs with the consumption of red meat. This has been observed by the reaction involving haemoglobin and myoglobin which reacts with nitric oxide to produce nocs which exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The results show that H. pylori infection increases nitric oxide due to the bacterial response being counteracted by macrophages; this will in effect cause an increase in nitrosation due to the high nitric oxide concentrations and subsequently allow high colonisation of h pylori. The red meat therefore does increase the risk of gastric cancer and this is also supported by other studies. (24) Having high levels of vitamin C may potentially prevent the onset of gastric cancer as it acts as a free radical scavenger and it enhances the mucosal formation; This reduces the synthesis of nocs and inhibits the optimum environment for H. pylori reducing cell proliferation of H. pylori. (25) The H. pylori counteracts this by c ausing inflammation of the stomach, causing a decrease of in the secretion of vitamin C in the lumen. (25) This exemplifies the synergistic relationship between reduced vitamin C levels and H. pylori in causing gastric acid; hence an increase in vitamin C should theoretically reduce the colonisation of H. pylori as well as the formation of nocs. A study by Xu et al. (18) shows the association between gastric cancer and nocs accurately using cofactors from endogenous nitrosation. The precursors of nocs such as nitrite, nitrate and 4 nocs were measured in urine. Firstly, the results showed a strong significant positive correlation with urinary nitrate and the risk of gastric cancer risk with negative igG antibodies for H. pylori. (18) Secondly, there were also increased levels of nitrite with the presence of H. pylori. (18) Finally, it also showed a link between alcohol consumption and some specific nocs. (18) The results highlight that there is a direct relationship between the formation of nocs and pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The addition of H. pylori synergistically allows the advancement of nitrosation and formation of nocs in the stomach. It also showed that decreased alcohol consumption may lead to a decrease in the formation of gastric cancer as there would be less carcinogenic nocs forming. Interestingly, this stud y has also shown a significantly inverse association with pickled vegetables and urinary nitrate levels. (18) Pickled vegetables contain nitrate reductase which can reduce nitrate to nitrite; Thereby causing a reduction in the nitrosation process, leading to less nocs synthesised. (18) Ultimately, this study shows the significant relationship between exogenous dietary sources such as red meat, alcohol should be limited to prevent gastric cancer. Conclusion The association between dietary modification and the prevention of gastric cancer is very high. Avoiding processed meat such as red meat which are high in n-nitroso compounds and food sources which are high in dietary salt can prevent damage to the mucosal lining of the stomach and prevent mutations. Interestingly, pickled vegetables have specifically shown many implications in the prevention of gastric cancer. Although, pickled vegetables do have a high salt intake and therefore would increase the risk of gastric cancer by inflammation of the mucosal lining, it does contain a bacteria called nitrate reductase which is able to reduce the processes of nitrosation, enabling less carcinogenic n-nitroso compounds to form and therefore, a decrease the number of mutagenic events in the stomach. This highlights variation of dietary modification as they may play a different role in different mechanistic pathways in the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary modification consequently can provide a s trong supportive role in the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer by the effects seen in the microcosm of the stomach. References 1. World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and stomach cancer. 2016; 2. Sepulveda AR. Helicobacter, Inflammation, and Gastric Cancer. Curr Pathobiol Rep. 2013 Mar 2;1(1):9-18. 3. Antunes-Rodrigues JJ, de Castro M, Elias LLK, Valenca MM, McCann SM, Valenà §a MM, et al. Neuroendocrine control of body fluid metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2004;84(1):169-208. 4. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Miller JB, Mann N, Hill K. The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: meat-based, yet non-atherogenic. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Mar;56 Suppl 1:S42-52. 5. Fox JG, Dangler CA, Taylor NS, King A, Koh TJ, Wang TC. High-salt diet induces gastric epithelial hyperplasia and parietal cell loss, and enhances Helicobacter pylori colonization in C57BL/6 mice. Cancer Res. 1999;59(19):4823-8. 6. Kato S, Tsukamoto T, Mizoshita T, Tanaka H, Kumagai T, Ota H, et al. High salt diets dose-dependently promote gastric chemical carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils associated with a shift in mucin production from glandular to surface mucous cells. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(7):1558-66. 7. Charnley G, Tannenbaum SR. Flow cytometric analysis of the effect of sodium chloride on gastric cancer risk in the rat. Cancer Res. 1985;45(11 II):5608-16. 8. Toyoda T, Tsukamoto T, Hirano N, Mizoshita T, Kato S, Takasu S, et al. Synergistic upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in gastric mucosa of mongolian gerbils by a high-salt diet and Helicobacter pylori infection. Histol Histopathol. 2008;23(5):593-9. 9. Nozaki K, Shimizu N, Inada K, Tsukamoto T, Inoue M, Kumagai T, et al. Synergistic promoting effects of Helicobacter pylori infection and high-salt diet on gastric carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2002 Oct;93(10):1083-9. 10. Loh JT, Torres VJ, Cover TL. Regulation of Helicobacter pylori cagA expression in response to salt. Cancer Res. 2007 May 15;67(10):4709-15. 11. Ota H, Katsuyama T. Alternating laminated array of two types of mucin in the human gastric surface mucous layer. Histochem J. 1992;24(2):86-92. 12. Hidaka E, Ota H, Hidaka H, Hayama M, Matsuzawa K, Akamatsu T, et al. Helicobacter pylori and two ultrastructurally distinct layers of gastric mucous cell mucins in the surface mucous gel layer. Gut. 2001;49:474-80. 13. Matsuzwa M, Ota H, Hayama M, Zhang MX, Sano K, Honda T, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection up-regulates gland mucous cell-type mucins in gastric pyloric mucosa. Helicobacter. 2003 Dec;8(6):594-600. 14. Furihata C, Ohta H, Katsuyama T. Cause and effect between concentration-dependent tissue damage and temporary cell proliferation in rat stomach mucosa by NaCl, a stomach tumor promoter. Carcinogenesis. 1996;17(3):401-6. 15. Tsugane S, Sasazuki S, Kobayashi M, Sasaki S. Salt and salted food intake and subsequent risk of gastric cancer among middle-aged Japanese men and women. Br J Cancer. 2004;90(1):128-34. 16. DElia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(4):489-98. 17. Shin JY, Kim J, Choi KS, Suh M, Park B, Jun JK. Relationship between salt preference and gastric cancer screening: An analysis of a nationwide survey in Korea. Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(3):1037-44. 18. Xu L, Qu YH, Chu X Di, Wang R, Nelson HH, Gao YT, et al. Urinary levels of N-nitroso compounds in relation to risk of gastric cancer: Findings from the Shanghai cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):1-16. 19. Calmels S, Ohshima H, Rosenkranz H, McCoy E, Bartsch H. Biochemical studies on the catalysis of nitrosation by bacteria. Carcinogenesis. 1987 Aug;8(8):1085-8. 20. Lunn JC, Kuhnle G, Mai V, Frankenfeld C, Shuker DEG, Glen RC, et al. The effect of haem in red and processed meat on the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Carcinogenesis. 2007;28(3):685-90. 21. Suzuki H, Iijima K, Moriya a, Mcelroy K, Scobie G, Fyfe V, et al. Conditions for acid catalysed luminal nitrosation are maximal at the gastric cardia. Gut. 2003;52(8):1095-101. 22. Mirvish SS. Role of N-nitroso compounds (NOC) and N-nitrosation in etiology of gastric, esophageal, nasopharyngeal and bladder cancer and contribution to cancer of known exposures to NOC. Cancer Lett. 1995;93(1):17-48. 23. Jakszyn P, Bingham S, Pera G, Agudo A, Luben R, Welch A, et al. Endogenous versus exogenous exposure to N-nitroso compounds and gastric cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST) study. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27(7):1497-501. 24. Gonzà ¡lez CA, Jakszyn P, Pera G, Agudo A, Bingham S, Palli D, et al. Meat intake and risk of stomach and esophageal adenocarcinoma within the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Mar 1;98(5):345-54. 25. Zhang ZW, Farthing MJ. The roles of vitamin C in Helicobacter pylori associated gastric carcinogenesis. Chin J Dig Dis. 2005;6(2):53-8.

No Bull in The Sun Also Rises :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

No Bull in The Sun Also Rises I finished reading SAR around ten o'clock tonight. I could have taken it all in one big gulp when I began a week ago, but I couldn't do that. It wanted me to bring it out slowly, so I often found myself reading five or ten pages and laying it aside to absorb without engulfing. A man gets used to reading Star Wars and pulp fiction and New York Times Bestsellers and forgets what literature is until it slaps him in the face. This book was written, not churned out or word-processed. I thoroughly enjoyed reading. I never noticed it until it was brought up in class, maybe because it wasn't a point for me in In Our Time, but He doesn't often enough credit quotations with, ",he said," or, ",said Brett," or, ",Bill replied." In SAR it stood and called attention to itself. I wasn't particularly bothered by His not telling me who said what, but it was very...pointed. I first noticed around the hundredth page or so. Then I realized I couldn't keep track of who was speaking. By not dwelling on it, though, sort of (hate to say this) accepting it, I managed to assign speech to whomever I felt was speaking. Gradually I came to enjoy it, in another plane of reading, figuring out from whom words were originating. To not notice it, as if it were one of those annoying 3-D posters that you can't see until you make a concerted effort not to try and see, became simple - much like those 3-D pictures are once you know what not to look for. (I abhor ending sentences with prepositions...) His not telling was heightening to the story. It made things come even more alive. As a conversation that you're hearing at a nearby table in a restaurant, the exchanges flowed, with me as a more passive reader than in a story written to be read instead of lived. It has always been troubling for me to read a book with the knowledge that there are things I am supposed to be catching, but not quite. The fish in the pools and the allegory and analogy and symbolism aren't

Hollywood and Marketing: Understanding the Appeal of Jaws Essay

The success of Jaws may mainly be attributed to the interconnected presence of various genres and themes throughout the film, hence significantly increasing the range of its prospective audience. For one, aside from being basically a thriller, the presence of an enormous shark as a dangerous entity would of course highlight themes on nature similar to documentaries. Furthermore, there is the crime genre, encompassing the theme of conspiracy, is partly embodied by the film as well; to explain, the Mayor who governs over the beach disregards every warning about the safety of the people in a straightforward manner, mainly pointing out economic reasons in defense of such a stance. Action is also present and evident throughout the film, especially during its final scenes. While still incomparable to films which are actually categorized under the action genre in terms of fights and explosions, it could definitely be argued that the final scene wherein the three main protagonists battle the shark which ends with the shark’s demise initiates a similar adrenaline rush for the viewers. In relation to such points, it is also important to emphasize the fact that the film is actually Hollywood’s adaptation of a highly successful book of the same name. Achieving a considerable appeal to the mainstream audience as well as to different types of viewers ensures success in terms of marketability (Wyatt 22). Jaws has such appeal, as the presence of the abovementioned themes and genres prove. For one, those interested with nature would be enthralled by the thought of watching a film focused on a great white shark. Also, self-proclaimed critics on the realism of such films would watch the movie to give their comments. On a more specific note, mature audiences would in turn be attracted to the film as it would satisfy their need for identifying deeper aspects and meanings such as corruption. Younger moviegoers would instead appreciate the thrilling and action packed sequences in the movie. Indeed, as old wizards may be shown in a manner resembling classical comic book heroes to achieve a better appeal to such viewers (Thompson 51), the three main protagonists of Jaws have similarly been presented due to their antics in the last few scenes of the film. Those who have read the book, possibly being a considerably large crowd, would predictably watch the movie as well. Without a doubt, Jaws achieved a universal appeal among moviegoers which ensured its marketability and success. Works Cited Spielberg, Steven, dir. Jaws. Zanuck/Brown Productions, 1975. Film. Wyatt, Justin. High Concept: Movies and Marketing in Hollywood. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1994. Print. Thompson, Kristin. â€Å"Fantasy, Franchises, and Frodo Baggins: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood. † Velvet Light Trap: A Critical Journal of Film and Television 52 (2003): 45 – 63. Print.

What’s Happening To Our Girls

Written my Maggie Hamilton presents the Issue that girls all over the world feel pressures at some stage of their lives. Hamilton presents this idea to the reader in a negative way in comparison to how popular culture and wider society encourages it. As girls are growing up, they feel pressures regarding their desires to be a woman, body Image and pressures from parents and teachers. Hamilton expresses these Ideas through the use of expository conventions such as interviews, facts and expert opinion.Young girls ranging from the ages of 3-12 are becoming more and more like managers. Their clothes are getting skimpier and their desires are constantly growing. The expository text What's happening to our girls? Presents this issue through the use of interviews expert opinion. Hamilton conveys the idea of young girls losing their childhood in a negative way to the reader through the use of her expert opinion. An example of this from the text Is â€Å"Teenage life can't come quickly enoug h for most teens.By now they're more than ready to leave their little-girl self behind. † (Peg. 31 ) This is explaining how girls are losing their valuable and replaceable childhood experiences that they are now missing out on due to the strong Influences that popular culture has on them. Hamilton is encouraging the parents of these young girls to not spoil their children by giving them everything they desire but to engage them within their community and to mix with a variety of people from different generations. Another convention used to convey the message is facts.An example of this In the text is â€Å"In one study of girls aged 5-8, over a quarter of the 5-year-old-galls wished they were These facts support the idea that arils are growing up too fast and that these are the issues that adults should be worrying about, not young girls. In popular culture, these ideas are also presented, but in a deferent way. Girls are being encouraged to have the latest technology, clothe s and makeup through the use of Images In magazines. Magazine companies use specific images to encourage girls to step into the world of woman hood.An example of this is in one Bliss magazine, they published the A-Z of sex. This is handing out unnecessary information to young readers that they would never need to know at their age. Girls feel that they have to live up to these expectations that boys and their peers have of them and they will do anything to be accepted. While the majority of parents would be horrified by the way these Ideas are presented to their young girls, many parents support the idea of their little girls wearing bras, makeup and obsessing about their clothes.In my personal opinion I believe that young girls should embrace and enjoy their worries and carefree days Like I did when I was a child. Hamilton suggests that this Is a growing concern in our society today as it encourages girls to become over sexualities. Popular culture is encouraging the over exultatio n's of girls and wider society Is trying their best to stop It. 1 OFF expresses this idea through the use of conventions such as facts and interviews in a negative way to the reader. Majority of girls in modern society are very self- conscious.Afraid of being constantly Judged, girls are relentlessly striving to keep up with the latest fashions and their desires to be thin Just so they can fit in. Many girls go to the extremes of starving themselves and purging Just to feel accepted by others. Hamilton is presenting this issue in a negative way to the reader through the SE of interviews. An example of this is in the text is â€Å"Eating disorders are really quite a common thing, but you kind of get used to it-like that's the way it is. † Peg. 07). This is explaining to the reader how common eating disorders are becoming and how girls don't think much of it anymore. In popular culture the idea of beauty is extremely distorted. With the use of Photos, companies believe that the y can make more money by making girls look thinner and more attractive. When girls view these warped images, they believe that these are the features they need to have to be dutiful. Examples of these features include the thigh gap, a flat stomach and collar bones.Hamilton used the convention of facts to present this idea to the reader. An example of this in the text is â€Å"Links have now been made between the representation of thin models in magazines and eating disorders. In one study, the teenage girls who watched TV ads with skinny models were less confident and happy with their bodies than girls not exposed to these ads. † (Peg. 103) These fact positions the reader to have a negative point of view towards magazine companies who are sending these storied messages to young girls.In wider society, parents want to protect their young girls from bad influences that can be put on them. Majority of parents don't know what their girls are reading in their magazines and would b e horrified to know what information these girls are absorbing. In my opinion, I believe that girls need to be themselves and understand their individuality and to not constantly worry about their appearance. Hamilton suggests that poor body image is taking over our girls' mindsets and their values they have of themselves are plummeting.Popular culture s influencing girls to believe that they are not up to the standards of being beautiful and wider society is trying to prevent them from thinking down on themselves. Girls all over the world are feeling pressures from their parents, friends and teachers. Hamilton conveys this message to the reader in a negative way through the use of expository conventions such as interviews and expert opinion. As young girls are growing up in a modern world, their parents have high expectations of them to succeed in school and to secure a financially rewarding Job.Along with the pressures f grades, friends and boys this leads to a lot of stress in gi rls lives. Hamilton expresses this idea to the reader through the use of her expert opinion. An example of this in the text is â€Å"It's a big ask for any teenager to be perfect and popular, wear the right clothes, look cool and achieve excellent grades. There's little opportunity here to build solid self-esteem. Is it any wonder so many are feeling depressed? â€Å"(Peg. 80). This opinion describes to the viewer the many pressures girls face in their daily lives and how it is affecting their physiological state.Another convention used is interviews. An example of this in the text is â€Å"l don't go out very much during the amount of pressure put on you at school to do well- and you Just get stressed out. † (Peg. 75) This conveys the message to the reader as it explains Just how stressed out girls can be even over the little things. Popular culture also doesn't help girls either. Maggie Hamilton explains â€Å"The pressure on girls is also apparent in teen magazines, whe re there's endless editorial on what it means to be a successful woman-how to have a better body, better skin, better grades. â€Å"(Peg. ) When girls are reading these articles they are comparing themselves to the text and their self- esteem goes down as they know that they do not live up to the standards. Wider society is also a contributing factor towards girls feeling pressured. Parents who are expecting well-behaved children with good grades and teachers loading them up with homework don't help downsize girls' stress levels, it Just rapidly increases them. In my opinion, I believe that girls do face a lot of pressures throughout their teen years and that they need to find ways to cope and work around them.Hamilton presents the issue of pressures in a negative way to the reader whilst popular culture and wider society are finding ways to increase the stress levels girls have today. Hamilton presents the idea of pressures widely throughout the expository text What's hipping to o ur girls?. The ideas of girls growing up too fast, body image and expectations and presented within the text through the use of conventions. These conventions include the use of expert opinion, facts, statistics and interviews. Hamilton presents these ideas in a negative way to the reader and explains ways that arenas and friends can help their girls move past them.Popular culture is a major contributor to the way girls think they should be living and also has huge influenced on their attitudes, values and behavior. A large majority of wider society wants their girls to grow up in a carefree environment where they can learn to be creative and enjoy their individuality. I believe that girls should be able to live their lives to the fullest and not worry about what others think of them. If every girl in the world accepted each other for who they were, imagine the freedom and enjoyment everyone would have.